Why has Conservatism been described as philosophy of human imperfection free essay sample

Interpersonal Conflict in the Film Spanglish Essay

The film Spanglish depicts numerous instances of relational clash between characters. A relational clash is at least two people having various perspectives on a particular idea or thought. In the film one of the most perceptible clashes happens between Flor, the house guardian, and Deborah, the mother. The film depends on the battles of connections, with others and with the characters inside themselves. Flor’s character and child rearing convictions struggle with Deborah’s, bringing about an individual and social insignificant fight. The contention among Deborah and Flor progress after some time on the grounds that Deborah is edgy and her nonsensical conduct is regularly upsetting the two family units. Flor talks almost no English when she begins to work for the Clasky family as their servant regularly. She doesn't specify that she has a little girl, named Cristina. The family has two kids, George and Bernice, the celebrated gourmet specialist father John, the alcoholic grandma Evelyn, and the masochist mother Deborah. Summer comes and Flor is required at the Claskys’ summer home nonstop so Deborah requests that her live there with them. Unfit to impart well in English, Deborah finds a neighbor to decipher, Flor uncovers that she can't keep up these hours since she has a little girl, so Cristina is welcome to come remain with them. While living in their new home for the late spring with the Clasky’s, Cristina deciphers for her mom to convey. She dazzles Deborah, who starts to treat her like a girl, taking Cristina shopping, completing her hair, enlisting her in a tuition based school, and giving her more love than she appears for her own little girl Bernice. Flor becomes despondent when apparently Cristina is impacted by Deborah, to some extent since she needs Cristina to stay in contact with her Mexican roots and common laborers esteems, and incompletely in light of the fact that Deborah is exceeding her limits. Flor items to Deborah’s activities to John, who apologizes and discloses to his better half that she can't do these things for somebody else’s kid without authorization. Flor starts to learn English so she can impart better. She turns out to be nearer to John, who is experiencing issues with Deborah’s conceited conduct. Flor stops and takes her little girl home, upsetting Cristina, who coexisted well with the Claskys. On their way home, she reveals to Cristina that she can’t go to the non-public school any longer either, upsetting Cristina considerably more; she shouts in the road that Flor can’t do this to her and that her life is destroyed. Flor becomes annoyed with Cristina after she approaches her mom for space. Flor discloses to her little girl that she should respond to the most significant inquiry of her life, at an extremely youthful age: â€Å"Is what you need for yourself to become somebody altogether different than me? Cristina considers this on their transport ride home, and they make up and grasp. The film closes with Cristina as a grown-up, years after the fact, recognizing that her life rests immovably and joyfully on the straightforward truth that she is her mother’s girl. All through the film there are numerous instances of how various societies have various qualities, and various individuals have various ethics and morals, and how two individuals can conflict and have extraordinary clash between them, to where it can influence others around them. The film Spanglish depends on the battles of connections, with others and the characters inside themselves. Flor’s character and child rearing convictions strife with Deborah’s, bringing about an individual and social insignificant fight. One of the most significant purposes behind taking part in relational correspondence is to shape and look after connections, associations, or relationship with others in your life (Sole, 2011).

Essay Topics About Songs of Solomon

Essay Topics About Songs of SolomonThere are lots of essay topics that you can use to write about songs of Solomon. Let's look at some of the most popular choices for essay topics.The song of Solomon was written by a group of Jews during the second century A.D. You'll find that there is no real disagreement about its authenticity. It's also not disputed that it was written in Greek. Still, some scholars dispute the biblical references to the song of Solomon.Scholars also question the most famous verse from the book of Kings. In the Book of 1 Kings it says, 'for eighteen and a half years Solomon reigned over Israel.' Some people think that the phrase 'twenty and seven' should be removed from the verse because it may mean thirty-eight years. Because the text is missing, it's hard to know exactly what was meant.There are lots of essay topics that you can use to write about songs of Solomon. You can choose one of several options or you can write a separate essay on each of the verses. To avoid the tedium of writing an essay about all of the verses, you should take a lesson from songwriters. They usually choose one verse to focus on and spend the rest of the song talking about it.It's quite possible that you will not agree with the essay topic. If you don't agree with it, you can change it. Just consider all the different points that you think are relevant to the discussion. Then pick the topic that is most applicable to the rest of the essay.One way to make sure that your essay topic is relevant is to consider the themes of the other essay topics that you're reading about. Think about what problems the songs address and how they address them. For example, you might want to write about how the songs deal with gender roles. The issues that are dealt with in each of the songs are those that are of interest to the essay topic. That is, you might write about the difference between male and female singers in the Song of Solomon and how the song addresses this issue.You c an get a lot of information from essay topics about songs of Solomon. These topics include music theory, history, and other aspects of the topic. Music theory involves the study of pitch, rhythm, scales, modes, and modes. History will cover the development of the songs as well as the events that led up to the composition of the songs.Even if you do not choose essay topics related to the Song of Solomon, you'll still get lots of information from the lessons about the songs. The best essay topics have meaningful information. You need to make sure that the material is meaningful and is something that your students will find useful in their future college careers. For that reason, you should choose a good topic.

Personal Statement About My Hero The First Person - 887 Words

When asked to tell about my hero the first person, or in my case persons that came to mind were my parents. My parents had a raised their family, even had two grandchildren, but that was not enough for them, they adopted my sister and I and started all over again. In June of 2004 my sister and I were living in an orphanage in Tambov, Russia. We had been living there for almost five years, so when we were in formed a that a couple from the United States were interested in adopting us we were very excited. My parents wanted more children and they chose us. Today I would like to tell you a little about the adventure of my parents to adopt two little girls in an orphanage in Tambov, Russia. My parents parents learned about us when my mother saw a picture of us on an international adoption web site in early December or 2003. By the end of January they had sign an Adoption Contraction and the adventure began. First my parents had to find a local Adoption agency to do the home study, background check and all the other things they do before place a child in a home for adoption. My parents found this complicated as not all agencies handle foreign adoptions, parents were lucky and were able to use Lutheran Family Services. Next came the police background checks. Then everything had to be notarize, then all the notarized papers had to be episealed, which is where you have the notarized papers verified to make sure that the notary is a notary. By the time they were ready to mail theShow MoreRelatedExplanation of the Utilitarian Ethical Theory Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesbelong to the minority in a society. This is because the principle of utility says that â€Å"we ought to do that which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people (MacKinnon, 32).† To examine utilitarianism we first need to look at the word, this is where we find the word â€Å"utility† imbedded into it. Utility, by mathematical definition, is â€Å"a measure of the total benefit or disadvantage attaching to each of a set of alternative courses of action.†1 Attaching thisRead MoreEssay on Batman Verses Leeann 1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthe biggest grin on her face. â€Å"You are my dark knight so batman is the only name that fits† From that day on everyone started calling me batman. People create nicknames based upon their own needs. Some need a new insult others need a change, a fresh start. All must encounter the same problem at some point in time. What does this nickname really mean and when does it begin to take your place in life. I had to ask myself at what point did I start sharing my life with an internal monster. One thatRead More Tragic Flaws Of Othello Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pages Jealousy and Gullibility: The Devastating Flaws of Othello â€Å"The tragic flaw is the most important part of the hero and the events that occur in the work is a reflection of that flaw.† – Aristotle The plot of William Shakespeares Othello is a tale of love, jealousy, and betrayal; however, the characters, themes, and attitudes of the works are different, with Shakespeares play being a more involved study of human nature and psychology. Othello is considered to be a prime example of AristotelianRead MoreEssay about Tragic Flaws of Othello1137 Words   |  5 PagesJealousy and Gullibility: The Devastating Flaws of Othello By: Ryan Mongon The tragic flaw is the most important part of the hero and the events that occur in the work is a reflection of that flaw. Ââ€" Aristotle The plot of William Shakespeares Othello is a tale of love, jealousy, and betrayal; however, the characters, themes, and attitudes of the works are different, with Shakespeares play being a more involved study of human nature and psychology. Othello is considered to be a prime exampleRead MoreMorphology of a Folktale and the Battle of Two Heroes896 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific instance and find its significance in the myth. In the book twenty-two of the Iliad, the two great warriors Achilleus and Hektor clash and Achilleus is triumphant. Thereafter, the question arises of whether or not good triumphed over evil, and my simple answer is no, neither good nor evil triumphed. I say that because it is difficult for one to recognize the fact that neither warrior is explicitly more â€Å"evil† than the other due to the fact that â€Å"even worst enemies are deeply, fundamentally theRead MoreWhat Makes Celebrity Worship?1488 Words   |  6 Pagescelebrity is their hero; but there is a serious difference between a hero and a celebrity. The people who seem like they can’t stop following a celebrity or can’t tell the difference between following a celebrity or hero might have celebrity worship syndrome. This is a real psychological disorder of the brain. According to Sensagent Online Dictionary, Celebrity worship syndrome is â€Å"an Obsessive-Addictive disorder where a person becomes overl y involved in a celebrities personal life.† Celebrity worshipRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. The Greek tragicRead MoreDivergent Anti Hero Essay 1437 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Amanda Schnur ENG3U1 Ms. Kidd y-03-18 A Female Anti-Hero In the movie â€Å"Divergent† directed by Neil Burger, the central character Beatrice, shows many different characteristics of being an anti-hero. Beatrice Prior otherwise known as Tris is the main protagonist character and the narrator of the film. She is a strong willed 16 year old who lives in a society divided into groups called factions, based on individual human virtues. With her coming of age, she must now choose one of the factionsRead MoreMy Name is Nobody: Postmodernism in Derek Walcotts The Schooner Flight1389 Words   |  6 Pages(Rose 18). In â€Å"The Schooner Flight†, the speaker, Shabine, states, â€Å"either I’m nobody, or I’m a nation† (Walcott 43). This statement refers to a moment in the Odyssey when Odysseus uses a pseudonym to trick the Cyclops, claiming, â€Å"My name is Nobody† (Homer 486). These parallel statements show the similarity between Shabine and Odysseus and illustrate Walcott’s borrowing of the h ero motif from the Odyssey. The character of Maria Concepcion in â€Å"The Schooner Flight† is an imitation of the femme fatale motifRead MoreShutter Island : A Life In The Cave : Platos Allegory Of The Cave1677 Words   |  7 PagesAllegory of the Cave dates back many years. However, it is relevant today in many ways. This view can be observed and experienced in our society, in our personal ways of thinking and being, and in many cinematic adventures one can enjoy. I chose to look at it in terms of personal application to find its relevancy and chose the movie Shutter Island to express my interpretation. Many years ago, a famous philosopher named Plato came to this comprehensive vision we call â€Å"The allegory of the cave†. In reading

American Sign Language Is Not A Universal Language

We exchange thousands of words everyday with people around us. Most of us gifted with the ability to listen to a friend, process it in our brain and respond through our mouth. However, there are some people who lack these kinds of ability, unfortunately. Unlike us, this group of people use sign language to communicate with others. For everyday life, deaf people use sign language to communicate with one another. It is a complete language that involves hand movement added with facial expression and body movements. According to National Associates of the Deaf (NAD), â€Å"American Sign Language (ASL) is a visual language. Through signing, the brain processes linguistic information through the eyes. The shape, placement, and movement of the hands, as well as facial expressions and body movements, all play important parts in conveying information.† American Sign Language is not a universal language. Just like spoken language, different types of sign languages are spoken in differen t countries. For example, United Kingdom use the British Sign Language (BSL), and Japan uses the Japanese Sign Language (NAD). Like many other linguistic groups, deaf people have their own culture and community. According to the World Federation of the Deaf, deaf people as a linguistic minority share common experiences in life, and this establishes itself in Deaf culture. They often have same or similar beliefs, attitudes, history, norms, values, literary traditions, and art. There are many local andShow MoreRelatedDeafness : The Deaf World947 Words   |  4 PagesDeaf people communicate through sign languages and the languages are absolutely beautiful. Sign Language isn’t an international language because every region have their own, but there are universal features in sign languages. The universal features in sign languages allow different sign language users to understand each other effortlessly. Sign language communication through body gestures so in a way, most hearing people themselves use some sort of sign language. For example, it’s smiling to showRead MoreNative American Sign Languag e Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesNative American Sign Language Very basic, elementary and logical characteristics made the Native American Sign Language the worlds most easily learned language. It was Americas first and only universal language. The necessity for intercommunication between Indian tribes having different vocal speech developed gesture speech or sign language (Clark; pg. 11). Although there is no record or era dating the use of sign language, American Indian people have communicated with Indian Sign Language forRead MoreChloe Ziff . Professor Gary Rosenblatt. April 13, 2017.991 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Gary Rosenblatt April 13, 2017 American Sign Language II Seeing Voices By Oliver Sacks Seeing Voices is a profound novel that was written by famous neurologist,  Oliver Sacks in 1989. Seeing Voices is a book that delves into the history of Sign Language and expresses a genuine meaning behind what language truly is.   Oliver Sacks is an engaging and fascinating writer. Being able to explore outside what he is used to, he can expand his knowledge about language. Being knowledgeable on psychiatryRead MoreEnglish Is An International Business Language1399 Words   |  6 Pagesaccelerating the development of a universal way of life is proved by the spread of English. Language - the great agent of homogenization, it is the wave on which culture is transmitted. If English becomes the main language of communication, the consequences are obvious: culture of English-speaking countries will be dominant in the world. English is the first universal global language. Although there may be as many people who speak different dialects of Chinese language, as well as English-speaking , neverthelessRead Morenonverbal communication Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesthat nonverbal communication is universal, but it’s not. There are multiple times when people use alternative methods of communication. Most of the time people are communicating when they don’t even know it. For instance, a job interview deals with a lot of communication and different types of different cultures. Each culture interprets body language, posture, and gesture differently. For example, when someone sticks their middle finger up at you, we as Americans know that is disrespectful. InRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 Pagesverbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to be taught to express their feeling via clear indications, although those from collective cultures are trained to subdue individual feeling, assigning them ultimately via indirect signs. Jui-Pi (2014), offers a relatively simple-minded view of nonverbal communicationRead MoreDeafness And Other Communication Disorders984 Words   |  4 Pageslegitimacy of signed languages, the greater part of different societies around the world classified Deaf people as disabled. This term disconnects all of the persons labeled from normal life, degrading them at the same time. Although a few people are better educated and choose to not use the word disabled, it still is a common title given to those who are Deaf. Another example of misinformation is the general idea that American Sign Language is English translated into signs word for word. VariousRead MoreNotes On American Sign Language1464 Words   |  6 Pages American Sign Language Overview American Sign Language is language that is predominantly spoken and used by all ages who may be deaf or communicating with someone who is deaf. It has lingua franca language, and many use it as a second language. We use a variation of sign language each day, for example our body language or hand gestures. When we are trying to explain something or imply how we feel we move and have expressions. Sign Language uses those emphasis of gestures to imply importance, emotionRead MoreThe Effects Of Deafness On Deaf Children1669 Words   |  7 Pagescollectivism, identity, transnationalism, community, and Deaf Space. American Sign Language is a visual-based language that is the primary language used by Deaf individuals. American Sign Language benefits our society due to the language’s visual nature, which produces a creative expression that is otherwise not experienced in oral languages. Research done by Bauman and Murray has shown that â€Å"Deaf individuals who use American Sign Language have more well-developed peripheral vision, a greater ability toRead More The Critical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Ahhhhh! I yell in frustration. Ive been studying Spanish for seven years, and I still cant speak it fluently. Well, honey, its not your fault. You didnt start young enough, my mom says, trying to comfort me. Although she doesnt know it, she is basing her statement on the Critical Period Hypothesis. The Critical Period Hypothesis proposes that the human brain is only malleable, in terms of language, for a limited time. This

Ibm History Essay Example For Students

Ibm History Essay 1890-1938: The early years IBM was incorporated in the state of New York on June 15, 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. But its origins can be traced back to 1890, during the height of the Industrial Revolution, when the United States was experiencing waves of immigration. The U.S. Census Bureau knew its traditional methods of counting would not be adequate for measuring the population, so it sponsored a contest to find a more efficient means of tabulating census data. The winner was Herman Hollerith, a German immigrant and Census Bureau statistician, whose Punch Card Tabulating Machine used an electric current to sense holes in punch cards and keep a running total of data. Capitalizing on his success, Hollerith formed the Tabulating Machine Co. in 1896. In 1911, Charles R. Flint, a noted trust organizer, engineered the merger of Holleriths company with two others, Computing Scale Co. of America and International Time Recording Co. The combined Computing-Tabulating-R ecording Co., or C-T-R, manufactured and sold machinery ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders to meat and cheese slicers and, of course, tabulators and punch cards. Based in New York City, the company had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, N.Y.; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.; Washington, D.C., and Toronto, Canada. When the diversified businesses of C-T-R proved difficult to manage, Flint turned for help to the former No. 2 executive at the National Cash Register Co., Thomas J. Watson. In 1914, Watson, age 40, joined the company as general manager. The son of Scottish immigrants, Watson had been a top salesman at NCR, but left after clashing with its autocratic leader, John Henry Patterson. However, Watson did adopt some of Pattersons more effective business tactics: generous sales incentives, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker. Wat son boosted company spirit with employee sports teams, family outings and a company band. He preached a positive outlook, and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for C-T-Rs employees. Watson also stressed the importance of the customer, a lasting IBM tenet. He understood that the success of the client translated into the success of his company, a belief that, years later, manifested itself in the popular adage, Nobody was ever fired for buying from IBM. Within 11 months of joining C-T-R, Watson became its president. The company focused on providing large-scale, custom-built tabulating solutions for businesses, leaving the market for small office products to others. During Watsons first four years, revenues doubled to $2 million. He also expanded the companys operations to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. In 1924, to reflect C-T-Rs growing worldwide presence, its name was changed to International Business Machines Corp., or IBM. During the Great Depression of the 19 30s, IBM managed to grow while the rest of the U.S. economy floundered. Watson took care of his employees. IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1936). While most businesses had shut down, Watson kept his workers busy producing new machines even while demand was slack. Thanks to the resulting large inventory of equipment, IBM was ready when the Social Security Act of 1935 brought the company a landmark government contract to maintain employment records for 26 million people. It was called the biggest accounting operation of all time, and it went so well that orders from other U.S. government departments quickly followed. The Social Security deal was secured even while IBM was at odds with another branch of the federal government. The Justice Department filed an antitrust case against IBM and Remington-Rand in 1932, alleging that the two companies, which controlled virtually the entire market for punc h card machines, were illegally requiring customers to buy their punch cards. The case went to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the Justice Department in 1936. In subsequent years, IBMs size and success would inspire numerous antitrust actions. A 1952 suit by the Justice Department, settled four years later, forced IBM to sell its tabulating machines at the time, IBM offered them only through leases in order to establish a competing, used-machine market. Another federal antitrust suit dragged on for thirteen years until the Justice Department concluded it was without merit and dropped it in 1982. IBMs competitors filed 20 antitrust actions during the 1970s. None succeeded. 1939-1963: Era of innovation When World War II began, all IBM facilities were placed at the disposal of the U.S. government. IBMs product line expanded to include bombsights, rifles and engine parts in all, more than three dozen major ordnance items. Watson set a nominal one-percent profit on those pr oducts and used the money to establish a fund for widows and orphans of IBM war casualties. The war years also marked IBMs first steps toward computing. The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, also called the Mark I, was completed in 1944 after six years of development with Harvard University. It was the first machine that could execute long computations automatically. Over 50 feet long, 8 feet high, and weighing almost 5 tons, the Mark I took less than a second to solve an addition problem, but about six seconds for multiplication and twice as long for division far slower than any pocket calculator today. In 1952, the company introduced the IBM 701, its first large computer based on the vacuum tube. The tubes were quicker, smaller, and more easily replaceable than the electromechanical switches in the Mark I. The 701 executed 17,000 instructions per second and was used primarily for government and research work. But vacuum tubes rapidly moved computers into business applicat ions such as billing, payroll and inventory control. By 1959, transistors were replacing vacuum tubes. The IBM 7090, one of the first fully transistorized mainframes, could perform 229,000 calculations per second. The Air Force used the 7090 to run its Ballistic Missile Early Warning System. In 1964, American Airlines SABRE reservations system used two 7090 mainframes to link sales desks in 65 cities. IBM led data processing in a new direction with the 1957 delivery of the IBM 305 Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC), the first computer disk storage system. Such machines became the industrys basic storage medium for transaction processing. In less than a second, the RAMACs random access arm could retrieve data stored on any of 50 spinning disks. At an IBM exhibit at the 1958 Worlds Fair in Brussels, the RAMAC answered world history questions in ten languages. Also in 1957, IBM introduced FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), a computer language based on algebra, grammar a nd syntax rules. It became the most widely used computer language for technical work. A new generation of IBM leadership oversaw this period of rapid technology change. After nearly four decades as IBMs chief executive, Thomas Watson passed the title of president on to his son, Thomas Watson Jr., in 1952. (Another family member, Tom Jr.s younger brother Arthur K. Watson, built the World Trade Corporation IBMs foreign operations into such a dominating force that it had installed 90 percent of the computers in Europe by the 1960s.) Born the year his father was hired by C-T-R in 1914, Tom Watson Jr. had been heir apparent since joining IBM in 1937 as a salesman. After a five-year interruption, during which he served as a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Watson Jr. rejoined the company in 1946, and was named a vice president six months later. He became chief executive officer just six weeks before his fathers death on June 19, 1956 at age 82. Just as his father saw the companys futur e in tabulators rather than scales and meat slicers, Tom Watson Jr. foresaw the role computers would play in business, and he pushed IBM to meet the challenge. He led the companys transformation from a medium-sized maker of tabulating equipment and typewriters to an industrial giant. During his stewardship, revenue grew from $900 million to $8 billion, and the number of employees rose from 72,500 to 270,000. 1964-1980: A new family On April 7, 1964, IBM introduced the System/360, the first large family of computers to use interchangeable software and peripheral equipment. Rather than purchase a new system when the need and budget grew, customers now could simply upgrade parts of their hardware. It was a bold departure from the monolithic, one-size-fits-all mainframe. Fortune magazine dubbed it IBMs $5 billion gamble. System/360 offered a choice of five processors and 19 combinations of power, speed and memory. A user could operate the same magnetic tape and disk products as another user with a processor 100 times more powerful. System/360 also offered dramatic performance gains, thanks to Solid Logic Technology (SLT) half-inch ceramic modules containing circuitry far denser, faster and more reliable than earlier transistors. Under Tom Watson Jr., there also were innovations in marketing. In 1969, IBM changed the way it sold technology. Rather than offer hardware, services and software exclusively in packages, marketers unbundled the components and offered them for sale individually. Unbundling gave birth to the multibillion-dollar software and services industries. Today, IBM is the world leader in both industries. The 1970s saw the end of more than a half-century of Watson family leadership. Tom Watson Jr. stepped down as CEO in 1971. After an interim period of leadership by T. Vincent Learson, Frank T. Cary took over the company in 1973. Watson served as U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1979 to 1981 and remained a member of IBMs board of directors un til 1984. He died in 1993 at the age of 79. During Carys tenure, the computer industry expanded and wove its way into everyday life. The floppy disk, introduced in 1971, became the standard for storing personal computer data. When people shopped for groceries, IBMs supermarket checkout station, introduced in 1973, used glass prisms, lenses and a laser to read product prices. Also in 1973, bank customers began making withdrawals, transfers and other account inquiries via the IBM 3614 Consumer Transaction Facility, an early form of todays Automatic Teller Machines. 1981-1992: The PC era John R. Opels appointment as CEO in 1981 coincided with the beginning of a new era of computing. Thanks to the birth of the IBM Personal Computer, or PC, the IBM brand began to enter homes, small businesses and schools. Though not a spectacular machine by technological standards, the IBM PC brought together all of the most desirable features of a computer into one small machine. It offered 16 kilobytes of memory (expandable to 256 kilobytes), one or two floppy disk drives and an optional color monitor. When designing the PC, IBM for the first time contracted the production of its components to outside companies. The processor chip came from Intel, and the operating system, called DOS (Disk Operating System), came from a 32-person company called Microsoft. John F. Akers became CEO in 1985 and focused on streamlining operations and redeploying resources. IBMs typewriter, keyboard, and printer business the division that created the popular Selectric typewriter with its floating golf ball type element in the 1960s was sold to the investment firm of Clayton, Dubilier Rice Inc. and became an independent company, Lexmark Inc. During Akers tenure, IBMs significant investment in research produced four Nobel Prize winners in physics, achieved breakthroughs in mathematics, memory storage and telecommunications, and made great strides in expanding computing capabilities. The IBM token-rin g local area network, introduced in 1985, permitted personal computer users to exchange information and share printers and files within a building or complex. With the further development of the computer, IBM laid a foundation for network computing and numerous other applications. Despite these advances, this was a period when IBM struggled. During the 1980s and early 1990s, IBM was thrown into turmoil by back-to-back revolutions. The PC revolution placed computers directly in the hands of millions of people. And then, the client/server revolution sought to link all of those PCs (the clients) with larger computers that labored in the background (the servers that served data and applications to client machines). Both revolutions transformed the way customers viewed, used and bought technology. And both fundamentally rocked IBM. Businesses purchasing decisions were put in the hands of individuals and departments not the places where IBM had long-standing customer relationships. Piece -part technologies took precedence over integrated solutions. The focus was on the desktop and personal productivity, not on business applications across the enterprise. By 1993, the companys annual net losses reached a record $8 billion. Cost management and streamlining became a chief concern. And IBM considered splitting its divisions into separate independent businesses. 1993-present: A new IBM Louis V. Gerstner Jr. arrived as IBMs chairman and CEO on April 1, 1993. For the first time in the companys history IBM had found a leader from outside its ranks. Gerstner had been chairman and CEO of RJR Nabisco for four years, and had previously spent 11 years as a top executive at American Express. Gerstner brought with him a customer-oriented sensibility and the strategic-thinking expertise that he had honed through years as a management consultant at McKinsey Co. Soon after he arrived, he had to take dramatic action to stabilize the company. These steps included rebuilding IBMs produ ct line, continuing to shrink the workforce and making significant cost reductions. Despite mounting pressure to split IBM into separate, independent companies, Gerstner decided to keep the company together. He recognized that one of IBMs enduring strengths was its ability to provide integrated solutions for customers someone to represent more than piece parts or components. Splitting the company would have destroyed a unique IBM advantage. With the rise of the Internet and network computing the company experienced another dramatic shift in the industry. But this time IBM was better prepared. All the hard work IBM had done to catch up in the client/server field served the company well in the network computing era. Once again, customers were focused on integrated business solutions a key IBM strength that combined the companys expertise in solutions, services, products and technologies. In the fall of 1995, delivering the keynote address at the COMDEX computer industry trade show i n Las Vegas, Gerstner articulated IBMs new vision that network computing would drive the next phase of industry growth and would be the companys overarching strategy. That year, IBM acquired Lotus Development Corp., and the next year acquired Tivoli Systems Inc. Services became the fastest growing segment of the company, with growth at more than 20 percent per year. From 1993 to 1996, the market value of the company increased by more than $50 billion. In May 1997, IBM dramatically demonstrated computings potential with Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP computer programmed to play chess on a world class level. In a six-game match in New York, Deep Blue defeated World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. It was the first time a computer had beaten a top-ranked chess player in tournament play, and it ignited a public debate on how close computers could come to approximating human intelligence. The scientists behind Deep Blue, however, preferred to stress more practical concerns. Deep Blue s calculating power it could assess 200 million chess moves per second had a wide range of applications in fields calling for the systematic exploration of a vast number of variables, among them forecasting weather, modeling financial data and developing new drug therapies. Free Macbeths: Use of Images and Imagery Mac Essay

Virginia Teacher Holds Mock Slave Auction

Slave auction refers to the events whereby slaves are sold to donors in an auction style. This means that the highest bidder becomes the ‘owner’ after close inspection of the slave he/ she is interested in. The purchaser pokes, prods and forces the slave to open the mouth for appropriate scrutiny. The Virginia teacher demonstrated civil war by placing black students and mixed race students up for a slave auction. The white children proceeded to bid for the black and mixed race students who were being auctioned (Ricks 12)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Virginia Teacher Holds Mock Slave Auction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Demonstration is a good teaching technique that makes lessons interesting and easily understandable but the extent of demonstration should be considered to avoid exposure of its disadvantages which include accusations of being biased , incompetent and the psychological effects i t had on the black students . The black and mixed race students should consider this as any other ordinary class demonstration aimed at making them understand the topic of civil war better. Demonstration could also help in making such events seem real. The teacher was objectively keen on fulfilling her duty. Since they were in two groups they should understand that the other group that comprised of white students could also have been placed on auction for demonstration purposes and that the chance of either group being put for slave auction was 50/50. The parents of the black and mixed race students were concerned because their children were placed on a slave auction and in their view this is an act of racism and mockery. Despite the demonstration being without any ill motive there was poor timing. This is because the day (Tuesday, 1st April) of the lesson came just two weeks before the 150th anniversary of civil war. The school was named after one of the civil war’s bloodies t battles and therefore there were still some fresh memories of the battle. The demonstrations and exercises of the Virginia teacher were untimely and off-limit. After a careful review of both sides’ opinions, I believe that demonstrations are a way of making the content of the lesson easily understandable. It showed the teacher’s inventive approach and good intentions to boost performance of her students by making the lesson on civil war easily understandable among all the students. The teacher could have however demonstrated the civil way differently. For example, by randomly handing over two different colored papers say blue and red that the students would then pick randomly. The group with either color could then represent either the blacks or the whites to demonstrate a similar situation without raising feelings and making either group feel uncomfortable and inferior. The students could then switch sides to see a very impartial circumstance without either side fee ling segregated.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that the lesson was properly planned to meet the instructional objectives of civil war and the teacher had the freedom to make the content of her lesson understandable to all students. This, she did by use of demonstration using black students as auction slaves and the white students as the buyers of the ‘slaves’. Despite the teacher’s demonstration being good, she acted with bias, prejudice and her execution was narrow sighted, poor and unsatisfactorily timed. Works Cited Ricks, Mary. Escape on the Pearl: the Heroic Bid for Freedom on the Underground  Railroad .New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. Print. This essay on Virginia Teacher Holds Mock Slave Auction was written and submitted by user Shad0wK1ng to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

High Performance Computing Essay Example

High Performance Computing Essay Example High Performance Computing Essay High Performance Computing Essay HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING: DESIGN, BUILD AND BENCHMARK A LINUX CLUSTER by GOH YOKE LOONG KEM 050024 Semester 1 Session 2008/09 Final year research project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya in partial fulfillment of the requirement to be Bachelor’s degree of Engineering DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA October 2008 ABSTRACT Nowadays almost every industry needs fast processing power especially in engineering field. Manipulating high-resolution interactive graphics in engineering, such as in aircraft engine design, has always been a challenge in terms of performance and scalability because of the sheer volume of data involved. [1] Linux clustering is popular in many industries these days. With the advent of clustering technology and the growing acceptance of open source software, supercomputers can now be created for cheaper cost of traditional high-performance machines. Due to these conditions compromise, the number, variety, and specialized configurations of these machines are increasing dramatically with 32 – 128 node clusters being commonplace in science labs. [2] As a result, the intent of this research is to use the latest open source software and computers available in the computer laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Malaya to design and build a High Performance Linux Cluster. This paper will present the clustering fundamentals and details of how to setup the cluster. High performance cluster is mostly parallel programming. This paper shows how to run parallel programming with Message Passing Interface (MPI). High-quality implementations for MPI are freely available for FORTRAN, C, and C++ for Linux. In this research, MPICH 2 is used as MPI implementation. Extensive research will be carried out by benchmarking the performance of the cluster with the standard test codes. The results gained will use to compare with the existing clusters. So far, setup of a simple cluster is done and preliminary results are obtained. Further investigation is going on. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Research Objective Chapter 2 Literature Study 2. 1 What is a Cluster 2. 2 Linux, Open Sources and Cluster 2. 3 High Performance Computing 2. 4 Benchmark of Linux Cluster Chapter 3 Methodology 3. 1 Methodology 3. 2 Work Plan Chapter 4 Problems Faced 4. 1 Operating System 4. 2 Managing Cluster Chapter 5 Preliminary Result 5. 1 Prerequisites 5. 2 Creating a Simple Linux Cluster 5. Testing on Conjugate Gradient Solver List of References Appendix A – Open Sources Location Appendix B – How to Change Hostname on Linux Machines Appendix C – Tabulated Data of Testing on CG Solver Page i ii iii iii 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 14 16 17 18 19 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. 2. 1- Logical view of HPC Figure 3. 3. 1- Flow of the project methodology Figure 5. 3. 1- Speedup versus processes for different grid L IST OF TABLES Table 3. 2. 1- Gantt chart of project iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Computing power and capabilities have been dramatically increased over the years, but none as dramatic as recently. Beforetime mathematical computations were facilitated by lines drawn in the sand. This eventually led to the abacus, the first mechanical device for assisting with mathematics. Much forward time came punch cards which function as a mechanical method to assist with tabulation. Ultimately, this led to ever more complex machines, mechanical and electronic, for computation. Early computers used small toroids to store hundreds or thousands of bits of information in an area the size of a broom closet. Modern computers use silicon to store billions of bits of information in a space not much larger than a postage stamp. However, as computers become more capable, certain constraints still arise. Early computers worked with 8 bits, or bytes, to solve problems. Nowadays, most computers work with 32 bits at a time, with many dealing with 64 bits per operation, which is alike increasing the width of highway. Another method for increasing performance is to increase the clock speed, which is similar to raising the speed limits. So, modern computers are the equivalent of very wide highways with very fast limits. [2] But the way, there are limits to the performance benefits that can be achieved by simply increasing the clock speed or bus width. As a result, supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray a Control Data Corporation (CDC) as an alternative approach to increasing computer power. [3] Instead of using one computer to solve a problem, why not use many computers, in concert, to solve the same problem? 1 A computer is not just constructed on hardware. There is also the operating system and the software. There have been noteworthy developments in operating systems that will help us in our looking for higher processing power. A fairly recent evolution is Linux, an operating system wrote by a Finnish student name of Linus Torvald in 1991 with very robust multi-user and multi-tasking capabilities. [2] The Linux source code is openly available, allowing a level of control and modification unavailable in a proprietary environment. 1. 2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The main object of this research project is to design, build and benchmark a Linux cluster for high performance computing purpose. This means that Linux must be utilized as operating system for the cluster construction. Four new and high performance computers in computer laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Malaya will be used to build the Linux Cluster. This cluster is going to replace the cluster existing in faculty engineering which is outdated in aspect of hardware and software capabilities. The performance of the cluster will be benchmarked using standard test codes and compared with the performance of the existing clusters. The sub-objectives of the project are: a) Managing a cluster in a production environment with a large user base, job scheduling and monitoring. ) Study on Message Passing Interface (MPI) programming model, a computation comprises one or more processes that communicate by calling library routines to send and receive messages to other process. c) Study on parallel programming to know how to design and build efficient and cost effective programs for parallel computer system based on Amdahl’s Law. 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY 2. 1 WHAT IS A CLUS TER? In its simplest form, a cluster is two or more computers that work together to provide a solution. The idea behinds clusters is to join the computing powers of the nodes involved to provide higher scalability, more combined computing powers, or to build in redundancy to provide higher availability. Clusters of computers must be somewhat self-aware that is the work being done on a specific node often must be coordinated with the work being done on other nodes. Consequently, it makes clusters are complex in connectivity configurations and sophisticated inter-process communications between the nodes. Furthermore, the sharing of data between the nodes of a cluster through a common file system is almost always a requirement. All clusters basically fall into two broad categories: a) High Availability (HA) strive to provide extremely reliable services where the failure of one of or more components (hardware, software, or networking) does not significantly affect the availability of the application being used. b) High Performance Computing (HPC) – designed to provide greater computational power than one computer alone could provide by using parallel computing techniques. [4] 2. 2 LINUX, OPEN SOURCES AND CLUSTERS Linux is being accelerated with high speed development at a faster pace than any operating system in history. The basic idea of open source is very simple: when programmers can read, redistribute, and modify the source code for a piece of software, the software evolves. Operating systems such as Linux, which can be 3 obtained virtually for free, provide a very economical solution to operating system licensing on large numbers of nodes. Besides that, with the familiarity of Linux, there are many tools, utilities, and application available to help build and manage a cluster. Many of these programs are available either for free or for a very reasonable cost. [4] Parallel Application MPI Linux Local Area Network Master Node Interconnect Compute Nodes Cluster Management Tools Figure 2. 2. 1: Logical view of HPC. 2. 3 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING High-Performance Computing (HPC) is a branch of computer science that focuses on developing supercomputers, parallel processing algorithms and related to software. HPC is very important due to its lower cost and because it is implemented in sectors where distributed parallel computing is needed to: a) Solve large scientific problems Advanced product design Environmental studies (weather prediction and geological studies) Research b) Store and process large amounts of data Data mining Genomics research Internet engine search Image processing [1] 2. 4 BENCHMARK OF LINUX CLUSTER In cluster, benchmarking means measuring the speed with which a cluster system will execute a computing task, in a way that will allow comparison between different hard/software combination. Benchmarking is helpful in understanding how the database manager responds under var ying conditions. [5] Benchmarking is a tedious, repetitive task, and takes attention to details. Normally the results are not what would expect, and subject to interpretation. Benchmarking deals with facts and figures, not opinion or approximation. There are many benchmark programs for HPC. Perhaps the best-known benchmark in technical computing is the LINPACK benchmark. The version of this benchmark that is appropriate for clusters is the High Performance LINPACK (HPL). Obtaining and running this benchmark are relatively easy, though getting good performance can require a significant amount of effort. In addition, while the LINPACK benchmark is widely known, it tends to significantly overestimate the achievable performance for many applications because it involves n3 computation on n2 data and is thus relatively insensitive to the performance of the node memory system. [6] 5 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 METHODOLOGY Initially, literature review of clusters usage worldwide is compiled and commented. Information on usage of clusters in computer science field worldwide and locally was gathered from online sources such as journals and articles. A concise summary of procedures on how to design and build a cluster is presented and documented. At the same time, study are made on the user guides for Linux which as the operating system of the cluster. Besides that, reviews of cluster’ benchmark will be obtained from online sources. In order to understand the works behind test codes, study on parallel programming models is needed. The first thing to manage is the physical deployment of a cluster. After has fulfilled the minimum hardware requirements, installation of OS on each machine will be carried out by manually. Next, start to decide the free open source software going to use for the cluster construction and download them from internet. The setup procedures will then be explained and documented to illustrate the method of building cluster for 4 Linux machines. This includes preliminary tests. After cluster is build, benchmarking for cluster will be carried out. The experimental data for different test codes provided by supervisor and from internet such as LINPACK and in house codes will be recorded systematically to enable comparison cluster’s performance with others existing clusters to be made. The data collected will be tabulated and relevant graphs plotted. Next, the results will be critically analyzed. Finally, a conclusion is made based on the experimental result. At the meantime, improvement of cluster performance will be done on the job scheduling and monitoring. 6 Literature review on history and current usage of cluster Study on user guides of Linux Reviews on cluster’s benchmark Study on parallel programming models Physical deployment of the cluster Installation of OS (CentOS 5) on each machine Setup the Linux Cluster Benchmarking the Linux Cluster Improve the Linux Cluster Analysis of results Discussion and conclusion Figure 3. 3. 1: Flow of the project methodology 7 10% Analysis Improvement Introduction to Titles of Final Year Project 15% 0% Discussion conclusion Benchmarking Preparation of report and presentation 100% 10% Setup cluster Installation of OS Physical deployment Study on parallel programming Reviews on benchmarking Study on Linux user’s guide 3. 2 WORK PLAN Literature review on cluster Schedule MONTH 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 JULY’08 AUG’08 SEPT’08 OCT’08 NOV’08 DEC’08 JAN’09 WEEK 100% 100% 60% FEB’09 MAR’09 APR’09 Table 3. 2. 1: Gantt chart of project 100% 100% Today 25% 8 CHAPTER 4 PROBLEM S FACED 4. 1 OPERATING SYSTEM Problem In the early, OS (Centos5) installation kit provided by supervisor is 32 bits but currently machine running is based on AMD Opteron system which is able to support 64 bits system. This means that the usage and performance of the machines existing did not optimize. Solution Centos5. 2 for 64 bits is downloaded. 2 more machines will be installed for OS 64 bits. A comparison between performance of cluster for 32 bits and 64 bits system will be carried out. 4. MANAGING CLUSTER Problem When it comes to managing a cluster in a production environment with a large user base, job scheduling and monitoring are crucial. In order to do so, Rocks Cluster will be build. On the frontend node (head note), at least two ethernet interfaces are required but machine just has only one ethernet interface. Solution A ethernet interface (network card) has bought and now waiting for technician to open the locked CPU’s casing for installation. 9 CHAPTER 5 PRELIMINARY RESULT 5. 1 PREREQUISITES Node Hardware 4 machines have the following setup each: Processor: 2nd- Generation AMD Opteron 2. 0Ghz, 1MB L2 Cache per core. RAM: 2GB DDR2-667 MHz non-ECC Hard drive: 80GB 7200 SATA 3Gb/s NCQ Network: Integrated Broadcom 5755 10/100/1000 LAN Switch: D-Link 5-Ports 10/100Mbps desktop switch Software For the defaults installation are needed: a) A copy of the latest distribution, mpich2-1. 0. 7. tar. gz b) GNU C complier c) GNU FORTRAN, C++ and JAVA compiler if wish to write or execute MPI program in any of these languages. d) Python 2. 2 or later version, for building the default process management system, MPD. e) Setup Password-less SSH. f) Any one of UNIX operating systems, in this case CentOS 5. (one of the family of LINUX) is used. Configure will check for the prerequisites and some of dependencies will be needed to complete the ins tallation. Details to obtain the open sources software are provided in Appendix A. 10 5. 2 CREATING A SIMPLE LINUX CLUSTER Here are the steps from using MPICH2 and 4 sets of regular Linux machines to build bare-bones systems of a simple Linux Cluster. Step 1 GCC complier is installed. # rpm –Uvh gcc-4. 1. 2-42. el5. i386. rpm Follow by Gfortran, C++ and Java complier. There are needed dependencies to complete the installation. Refers to Appendix A) Step 2 Start to install the MPICH2. The tar file is unpacked in the directory home/ab01/ libraries. # tar xfz mpich2-1. 0. 7. tar. gz Now, that directory is contained a subdirectory named mpich2-1. 0. 7 Step 3 The installation directory is chose. # mkdir /home/ab01/mpich2-install Step 4 MPICH is configured, the installation directory is specified, and the configure script is ran in the source directory. # . /configure –prefix=home/ab01/mpich2-install 21 | tee configure. log Step 5 MPICH2 is build. # make 21 | make. log [6] 1 1 Step 6 MPICH is installed. # make install 21 | install. og All required executables and scripts in the bin subdirectory of the directory specified by the prefix argument to configure are collected by this step. Step 7 The bin subdirectory of the installation directory is added to the path by added command below in file etc/bashrc: PATH=/home/ab01/mpich2-install/bin:$PATH ; export PATH Step 8 Everything is checked in order at this point by doing # which mpd # which mpiexec # which mpicc Step 9 The default process manager is called MPD, which is ring of daemons on the machines where run the MPI programs. In next few steps, mpd is rang up and tested. A file named mpd. conf (/etc/. mpd. conf if user) is created by: # cd/etc # vi mpd. conf press ‘a’ then type â€Å"secretword=hpcluster†, press â€Å"ESC† and type â€Å":x† to save and exit. The file is made readable and writable only by root user. # chmod 600 mpd. conf Step 10 Bringing up a ring of one mpd on the local machine, testing one mpd command, and bringing the â€Å"ring† down is checked as first sanity. # mpd # mpdtrace # mpdallexit Step 12 A ring of mpd is brought up on a set of machines. A file named mpd. hosts is created consisting of a list of machine names, one per line and located it in root directory. These hostnames will be used as targets for ssh or rsh, so include full domain names if necessary. Steps to permanent change hostname of Linux machines are provided in Appendix B. To reach these machines with ssh or rsh without entering a password is tested by doing # ssh othermachine hostname or IP address Step 13 The daemons on the hosts in the file mpd. hosts is started by # mpdboot –n Step 14 There are some examples in the install directory mpich2-1. 0. 7/examples. One of the cpi example, which computes the value of tested by # mpiexec –n 4 cpi The value and wall time is shown after finish executed. Vary numbers of machines was tested in this example. After all of the above steps are completed, this means that MPICH2 has been successfully installed. The Linux cluster is ready to run others MPI programs and benchmarking for its performance. by numerical integration in parallel is 12 13 5. 3 TESTING ON CONJUGATE GRADIENT SOLVER Description of solver: This is an incomplete Cholesky pre-conditioned conjugate gradient solver for symmetric matrices (e. g. pressure or pressure-correction equation, heat conduction, etc. ), for multi processor run. For preconditioning matrix, parallelization technique follows that of Ferziger Peric (2004) for SIP. The rest of the codes utilize loop distribution. Purpose of Testing: Obtain the wall clock time required to solve the problem with different numbers of processor run on it. Wall clock time or wall time is a measure of how much real time that elapses from start to end, including time that passes due to programmed (artificial) delays or waiting for resources to become available. In computing, wall clock time is the actual time taken by a computer to complete a task. Results obtained use to plot speedup versus processor graph and then analyzed on it. Result of Testing: Speedup versus Compute nodes with different Grid 2. 5 2 speedup ,S 1. 5 1 0. 5 Case 1 i=100; resmax=1E-20; Grid=64x64x64 Case 2 i=100; resmax=1E-20;Grid 128x128x128 Case 3 i=100; resmax=1E-15; Grid 256x256x256 0 0 1 2 processes,N 3 4 5 Figure 5. 3. 1: Speedup versus processes for different grid 14 Discussion on Testing Result: As shown in the graph, there is a speedup around 1. 4 on 2 processes in case 1 and the tabulated data are provided in Appendix C. However, the declines of speedup are occurred at 3 and 4 processes. When the increasing communication time needed is more than the decreasing computing time with more processes, for overall, wall clock time will be slightly increased than before. Time to transfer data between processes is usually the most significant source of parallel processing overhead. There is no improvement result on 3 processes in case 2. Parallel processing overhead occurred at this point because impossible to distribute the subtask workload equally to each processor when there are 3 processes working on it. That means at some points, all but one processes might be done and waiting for one process to complete. This phenomenon called imbalance load. Also shown in the graph, case 3 has a normal speedup curve. There is a speedup around 2 for 4 processes which is quite low. Amdahl’s Law states that if P is the proportion of a program that can be made parallel, and (1 ? P) is the proportion that cannot be parallelized (remains serial), then the maximum speedup that can be achieved by using N processes is [8] 1 1? + = Maximum speedup in this case is 2 then the proportion of this conjugate gradient solver that can be made parallel will be 0. 66. This also means that there has 34% of program run in serial. 15 LIST OF REFERENCES 1. High Performance Linux Clustering, Part 1: Build a Working Cluster, Oct 2005, Aditya Narayan, Founder, QCD Microsystems, United State of America, viewed 2 August 2008, 2. Linux HPC Cluster Installation, June 2001, IBM International Technical Support Organization , Lius Ferreira, Gregory Kettemann, United State of America, viewed 18 July 2008, 3. Supercomputer, July 2008, Wikipedia, viewed 10 Oct 2008, 4. Linux Clustering with CSM and GPFS, January 2004, IBM International Technical Support Organization, Stephen Hochstetler, Bob Beringer, United State of America, viewed 20 July 2008, 5. Bechmarking, April 2007, Wikipedia, viewed 10 Oct 2008, 6. High Performance Linux Clustering, Part 2: Build a Working Cluster, Oct 2005, Aditya Narayan, Founder, QCD Microsystems, United State of America, viewed 2 August 2008, 7. MPICH2 Installer Guide version 1. 0. 7, April 2008, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonnne National Laboratory, U. S Department of Energy, viewed 10 August 2008. 8. Amdahl’s Law, Dec 2007, Wikepedia, viewed 20 Oct 2008 16 APPENDIX A Open Sources Location 1) OS-Centos 5 for 32bits and 64bits Source: 2) GCC, Gfortran, C++ and Java complier Source: cd/dvd of installer Centos 5 Name: a) b) c) d) gcc-4. 1. 2-42. el5. i386. rpm gcc-gfortran-4. 1. 2-42. el5. i386. rpm gcc-c++-4. 1. 2-42. el5. i386. rpm gcc-java-4. 1. 2-42. el5. i386. rpm Dependencies required Source: cd/dvd of installer Centos 5 Name: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) glibc-devel-2. 5-18. i386. rpm glibc-devel-2. 5-24. i386. pm glibc-headers-2. 5-18. i386. rpm glib-java-0. 2. 6-3. fc6. i386. rpm libgcj-devel-4. 1. 2-14. el5. i386. rpm libgfortran-4. 1. 2-14. el5. i386. rpm libgomp-4. 1. 2-14. el5. i386. rpm libstdc++-devel-4. 1. 2-14. el5. i386. rpm 3) MPICH2 version 1. 0. 7 Source: 4) How to setup password-less SSH using Public – Private Keys 17 APPENDIX B How to change the Hostname of a Linux system Permanent hostname change Step 1: Editing hostname file in /etc/sysconfig/network. In Linux machine etc/sysconfig/network file look like this: NETWORKING = yes NETWORKING_1PV6=no HOSTNAME=hpcluster1 The hostname in etc/sysconfig/network have changed to from original to hpcluster1, hpcluster2, hpcluster3, hpcluster4 accordingly on each machine. Step 2: The older hostname listed in /etc/hosts file were changed to new hostname manually. Step 3: After that Linux machines is reboot. Network service is restarted before rebooting by # /etc/init. d/network restart Hostname on each machine was changed to specified name and can be function properly. 18 APPENDIX C Tabulated Data of Testing on CG Solver Case 1 i=100; resmax=1E-20; Grid=64x64x64 N T1 T2 AVE 1 2 3 4 22. 1375 16. 0003 20. 272 20. 9793 22. 2508 16. 3247 20. 2426 20. 691 22. 19415 16. 1625 20. 2573 20. 9742 Speed Up 1 1. 3732 1. 0956 1. 0582 Table C. 1 : Data for case 1. Case 2 i=100; resmax=1E-20;Grid 128x128x128 N T1 T2 AVE Speed Up 1 248. 3205 245. 6234 246. 97195 1 2 129. 9253 131. 2424 130. 58385 1. 8913 3 129. 9289 128. 8646 129. 39675 1. 9086 4 110. 3437 111. 3847 110. 8642 2. 2277 Table C. 2 : Data for case 2. Case 3 i=1 00; resmax=1E-15; Grid 256x256x256 N T1 T2 AVE Speedup 1 1538. 1186 1536. 8205 1537. 46955 1 2 1023. 5759 1022. 2592 1022. 91755 1. 503 3 837. 1469 840. 9828 839. 06485 1. 8324 4 773. 0982 770. 9155 772. 00685 1. 9915 Table C. 3 : Data for case 3. = 19

René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

Renà © Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

A Study of Partnering Sustainability in Construction Industry Essay

A Study of Partnering Sustainability in Construction Industry (Dissertation Proposal) - Essay Example In recent times, multi-stakeholder sustainable partnership has become the norm for major world industries. It is therefore of the essence that the construction industry stays abreast with the partnering sustainability movement. As a matter of fact, partnering for sustainability in the construction industry is not a preserve of the government but also all the private stakeholders in the industry. Partnering sustainability efforts in the construction and other sectors thus combine governments, non-governmental organisations and private players in the sector (Graham-Rowe, 2012). As a consequence of this inclusive partnering, stakeholders have been able to exploit the emerging opportunities for extensive and comparable sustainable construction technique and new theoretical and empirical insights into the sustainable construction. There are several reasons for which construction organisations should embrace sustainable partnering practices. First, an organisation’s partners are its extension, making it necessary that firms collaborate with others with similar corporate social responsibilities (Soederbaum, 2008). This research will therefore explore the concept of partnering sustainability in construction industry. ... Second, the paper aims to establish whether partnering sustainability is beneficial to all the industry’s stakeholders by strengthening brand for firms, increasing employee engagement and employer respect and enhancing client trust. Third, the paper aims at establishing the economic importance of partnering that emphasizes social and environmental sustainability in the construction industry. Fourth, the project will explore the strategic advantages of aligning one’s construction firm with partners that embrace good corporate citizenship. Problem Statement This project has been prompted by the numerous partnership challenges that the construction industry faces. First, the industry is in dire need of reforms as far as partnerships for sustainability, growth and productivity is concerned. Therefore, how, when and what should be done to improve the framework for sustainable multi-stakeholder partnership are some of the problem areas that prompted this study. Second, organi sations and their institutions that support sustainable partnership and development need to be reformed and reorganized to provide better services for partnerships for sustainable developments (Neumayer et al, 2007). The ineffectiveness of organizations such as the UN’s Commission on Sustainable Development has, to quite a large extent, hampered the formation of sustainable partnerships. Consequently, the public, governments, international organisations and private actors such as businesses and civil society groups have failed to pull their efforts together to implement sustainable partnerships and developments in the construction sector (Bennett &

Please read the material and create it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Pericles Speech - Essay Example He holds the idea that for the country to achieve democracy, the orators are obliged with the work of pushing for democracy in loyalty to those who died fighting for it. Another element of Pericles speech is the omission of the mention of the great martial achievements of the Athens past. While he feels that the praise of the martial war is an important aspect of the war, he feels that this is covered sufficiently and opts to talk about the road that they have used to reach the current position. Pericles states that â€Å"that part of our history that tells of the military achievements which gave us our several possessions†¦area theme too familiar†¦. and I shall, therefore, pass it by† (Pericles 4). A good part of his speech focuses on the path that the country has used to reach its freedom. The idea of Pericles is that the pursuit of democracy is a journey that the people should understand to be able to know where to start. Therefore, the speech appreciates the achievements of those who died in the war and informs the public on the need to join in the journey. The third element of the speech of Pericles is the praise of the greatness of the Athens. In his speech, Pericles focused on the key features of democracy in Athens and the way these have given the country its greatness. He states, â€Å"†¦advancement in public life falls to reputations for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit†¦at Athens, we live exactly as we please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pericles 5). The idea of Athens is that the maintenance of openness and liberty pave way for greatness, but do not inhibit development. Pointing out to the values of democracy, Pericles gives out the message that the people must uphold these values if the country has to maintain liberalism, which is crucial for modern democracy. Lincolns and Pericles speech are similar in their reference to the idea of democracy in the country.  Ã‚  

Gender Stereotype Essay -- essays papers

Gender Stereotype According to the writers in chapter, â€Å"Gender Stereotyping And the Media†, gender stereotypes are harmful to men and women. Gender stereotypes set impossible standards for men and women that lead to unhappiness, loneliness and possibly violence towards themselves. Stereotypes affect relationships between a man and a woman. Moreover, stereotypes dictate the behavior of boys and girls that lead to violence. Rather than combating gender stereotypes, our society reinforces stereotypes by passing them to the next generation and giving labels and names to the people who do not conform to the stereotypes. Hence, the dichotomy is that our society buys into the stereotypes that reinforce abuse, while tying to remove violence from our society. Traditional female stereotypes rigidly emphasize the belief that women must perform the specific role that are assigned to them. From a traditional perspective, â€Å"femininity is characterized by passivity and sumission.† (Devor P.169) Feminine characteristics of passivity and submission allow women to best fulfill t...

Conventional cars to electric cars

IntroductionIf we count the autos on the whole planet we will make a figure bigger than 500 million. These autos give us great freedom, but they bring some jobs excessively. They burn fossil fuels like oil so they pollute our planet and they do a major part to the planetary heating. In U.S 33 % of entire C dioxide emanations comes from the autos with internal burning engines. Most people want to hold electric autos that are fuel, efficient and cleaner than the gas guzzlers they drive today. However, these yearss, there are some jobs which are waiting for solutions like battery capacity, bear downing Stationss, new grid systems and paying systems. In this work we will analyze how can we go through from conventional autos to electric autos? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.explainthatstuff.com/electriccars.html hypertext transfer protocol: //ecobridge.org/content/g_cse.htmEnvironmental Friendly Technologies and Their NecessityEnvironmental engineerings or green engineerings assist straight with energy preservation and they help the environment by cut downing the sum of waste produced by human activities. These engineerings besides conserve natural environment and resources. Today, the universe is in danger. Everyone must confront to have an consequence on Earth. We must cognize the effects of our life manners and we should rearrange our lives harmonizing to it. The best solution is the use of environmental engineerings in our day-to-day life. In this perspective environmental footfalls divide into two classs ; as a authorities and as a individual. Governments can modulate the policies and give more importance to renewable energy. However, most of import portion is personal actions. Human history shows that ordinary people have adequate power to alter the systems like authoritiess and governments. Why ca n't we change earth ‘s fate? By safeguards that we will take, we can salvage our natural resources. For illustration ; we should give importance to recycling that we bring the use of clean energy to our lives. By utilizing solar energy and alternate fuel vehicles, including plug-in intercrossed and pure electric autos can salvage our kids ‘s hereafter. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technologyElectric Car IdeaElectric autos are fundamentally alternate fuel cars which use electric motor and electric power to travel. Although electric auto thought shows so fresh, electricity is one of the oldest auto propulsion methods. Yet late, they have gained more importance with planetary clime treatments. â€Å" Electric auto † by and large used for cars powered by electricity. There are some types of electric autos but they have different names such as, electric autos powered by sunshine are solar autos, and electric autos powered by gas generator are intercrossed autos. Hybrid autos with batteries that can be recharged by linking a stopper to an external electric power beginning is a plug-in intercrossed vehicle ( PHEV ) . An electric auto that obtains its power from an interior battery battalion is called a battery electric vehicle ( BEV ) . Although electric autos save natural resources and the clime, electricity as a propulsion method could non be achieved gasoline autos ‘ comfort and easiness of operation. ICE engineering has some advantages ; gasolene autos have greater scope and small refueling times and there is a immense gasolene distribution substructure to supply gasolene for autos. Besides that a gasolene auto ‘s monetary value is much cheaper than an electric auto. There are non merely electric autos ‘ disadvantages. They are more environmental, friendly and their maintaining and running costs are cheaper than ICE autos ‘ . By indispensable policy alterations and electric distribution substructure investings, in short clip ICE autos may replace with electric autos. Today, intercrossed electric autos have become the most popular signifier of electric auto, we can easy purchase a intercrossed auto with an low-cost monetary value. For case, Toyota Prius or Chevrolet Volt. Besides we can purchase a plug-in loanblend or a pure electric auto such as Tesla Roadster or Th! nk City. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car

The Perception of Love in Romantic Films - 955 Words

Weve all seen them, those cheesy romantic comedies where two (beautiful) strangers meet and fall in love. They run into some sort of conflict and eventually find a way back to each other in the end. Although that seems like a harmless concept, that kind of love results in unrealistic expectations of what a life partner should be, unrealistic expectations of what the ideal woman or man should look like and unrealistic expectations of what constitutes healthy conflict resolution. The majority of women (and men) rush to the theatre to see the new Rom-Com in hopes theyll soon find the one theyve been waiting for. Although theres nothing wrong with anticipating a new movie, watching romantic films and expecting the same outcome with current relationships or new ones to come hugely impact peoples conception of real life love. For instance The Notebook, by Nicholas Sparks became, and is to this day, arguably one of the most memorable and romantic films of all time. The main character, Noah, awaits many years for Allie, builds a home for the two of them with his bare hands and writes love letters to her every day for a year. What girl wouldnt be swept away by that? The problem with this, is the fact that many women expect their partner to serenade them with the same kind of effort, money and time that an average relationship doesnt possess in real life. In addition, The Notebook and other films consistently project the theme of fate. The idea that if two people areShow MoreRelatedA False Romance1236 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals that can grow into an everlasting relationship. People have dreamed of having an everlasting passionate love at least once in their lifetime. However, if they expect to have it for a long period of time, they are in trouble because such things do not exist as they do in movies. People have dreams of this false perception of love all the time due to Hollywood movies about love, romantic poems, and television shows. 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